This is exactly what was feared. The dramatic capture of large swaths of Iraq’s territory by Islamists bent on violent Jihad and advancing fast on the nation’s capital, Baghdad, threatens an all-out sectarian war across the Middle East and exposes major weaknesses in America’s strategy there.
As the crisis escalated, at first Washington signaled it would reject Baghdad’s plea for air assistance, though President Barack Obama later vowed to consider “all options,” including “some short-term immediate things that need to be done militarily.” But in a press conference Friday he made clear that redeploying US troops in Iraq is not an option.
Diplomats, Iraq watchers and America’s adversaries in the region remain skeptical that after staying above the fray for three years while the battle has been raging in Syria, America’s military would invest enough firepower in Iraq to turn the Islamist tide. After declaring for years that he believed the “core” of al-Qaeda fighters to be in retreat, Obama has yet to prove such doubters wrong.
Nouri al-Maliki, Iraq’s Shiite prime minister since 2006, has failed to compromise with the country's large population of Sunnis and Kurds. He is now calling on the “international community” to help him fend off a brazen assault by foreign fighters who dream of using Iraq as the centrepiece of their Salafist caliphate. But rather than from America, help may come from Iran instead.
This week the group known as ISIS – the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (the Arabic name of the Levant, or Greater Syria) – chased away the Maliki-controlled Iraqi army from Mosul, Iraq’s second largest city. The collapse exposed Iraq’s military force which was created and trained by America as a paper tiger.
Swarming ISIS fighters then marched on to Tikrit, Saddam Hussein’s home town, and closed in on Baghdad’s environs. Estimated at 4,000 or more, the mostly-foreign fighters confiscated caches of American-supplied arms, including, reportedly, up to six Black Hawk helicopters, and looted hundreds of thousand dollars in cash from local banks. More than 500,000 Iraqis fled their homes, mostly northward, to an area controlled by Iraq’s Kurds.
Unlike past attacks by ISIS (sometime also called ISIL), the current campaign seemed well organized and pre-planned, said a diplomat who has closely followed events in Iraq. In advance of the assault on Mosul, the foreign Jihadists seemed to be allying with local Sunni militias, as well as with former generals in Saddam’s army.
The ISIS fighters, some in their early teens, quickly dismantled any semblance of governance. “That’s what they do,” said Michael Knights, a fellow at the Washington Institute for Middle East Policy who has long studied ISIS. “They want the absence of government, so in time they become the government.”
Where successful, ISIS imposes a strict version of Islamic law. Women are forced to cover up. All forms of music and games are banned. Piles of cigarette cartons are publicly burnt, as ISIS considers tobacco to be sinful.
Originally active only in Iraq during the Sunni uprising in the years after the 2003 American invasion, the group headed by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi later became involved in the Syrian civil war, where it battles President Bashar al-Assad and his Iranian and Hezbollah allies, as well as rival Sunni groups such as Jabhat al-Nusra and the secular opposition.
Al-Qaeda’s chief, Ayman al Zawahiri, broke off with ISIS, denouncing its cruel habits, like posting beheadings of rival leaders on the Web. But ISIS made major territorial gains, capturing key areas from the outskirts of Syria’s second largest city, Aleppo, and most of Iraq’s Sunni territory.
As their name suggests, ISIS managed, for all practical purposes, to erase the Syrian-Iraq border, which was created in the aftermath of World War I as part of the Sykes-Picot arrangement of 1916 that established the current borders of the Middle Eastern states.
ISIS’s “ambitions seem to lie in Iraq,” says Knights. The country is far more populous than Syria and more central to the Arab world, as it borders Turkey, Iran, the Gulf states and Jordan. Iraq’s huge oil reserves also make it a source of wealth and, Knights says, “in Iraq ISIS seems to have much more success.”
One reason for that, according to a diplomat familiar with Iraq’s sectarian politics, is that Maliki’s Shiite-centered government has long marginalized the Sunnis, forcing them to seek allies outside of Baghdad.
During the American troop surge of 2008, the diplomat said, the US military became adept at communicating with rival tribal Sunni leaders, uniting them against the foreign Jihadists, who were greatly disliked. As a result, the group, known at the time as the Islamic State of Iraq, was defeated. It then reorganized in Syria.
But after the US withdrawal in December 2011, no one was left in Iraq to perform such tasks of mediation and assistance. Although both Obama and Maliki claimed they wanted to leave a small number of American troops behind, they failed to agree on how to facilitate it.
Speaking at the Council of Foreign Relations last week, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton blamed Maliki for the failure to sign a Status of Forces Agreement. Administration critics counter that Obama and Clinton could have negotiated harder but did not as they were eager to declare victory and end the war.
The presence in Iraq of a small number of American “Jedi knights” might have been of great help to the Maliki goverment, arriving at hotspots to assist tribal chiefs and, when needed, to direct US drone and other air assaults to fend off the Jihadists. They could once more turn the tide against the Jihadis, said Knights. But he does not believe the U.S. will return to Iraq in force.
The popular mood in the U.S. for intervention in Iraq supports the deployment of minimum forces. “I think the American people do not have an appetite to be engaged in conflict there,” said Nancy Pelosi, the top Democrat in the House of Representatives, echoing a notion often expressed by administration officials.
Rather than re-engaging in battle, Obama’s nominee to become ambassador in Iraq, Stuart Jones, told the Senate this week that “one positive aspect” of the current crisis is that Iraqi factions are “coming together to address this challenge.”
And indeed, ISIS was stopped in the oil-rich Kirkuk region by the well-organized Kurdish peshmerga military force that quickly took over posts that had previously been held by the Iraqi army, which fled as ISIS approached.
But this may not indicate a future alliance between Baghdad the Kurds, who have run a semi-independent state in the north of Iraq since the downfall of Saddam Hussein. The Kurds have long been at odds with Maliki over Kirkuk and have used the current crisis to occupy an area they long considered their own. “It’s hard to imagine the Kurds sticking their necks out for a government that has been trying to starve them,” said Knights.
At odds with Sunnis and Kurds, and with the prospect of significant American aid looking unlikely, Maliki has little choice but to turn elsewhere -- to Tehran -- for help against the Salafist foreign fighters. There are already signs of cooperation between Baghdad and the Shiite militias who have ties to Tehran. Barrel bombs, a staple of Assad’s war in Syria, are now being used in Iraq, indicating that an Iranian-inspired tactics are being imported by Maliki’s forces.
The long-running war between the religion-based forces of the Shia and Sunni factions in the Middle East is fast escalating and is centered now in Iraq, one of the region’s most strategically important countries. If the current battle for Baghdad turns into an all-out sectarian war engulfing the entire region, America seems poised to do little beyond observing the collapse of the world’s most volatile trouble spot from a safe distance.
Follow Benny Avni on Twitter: @bennyavni
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